On Alpine Linux: exiftool
On Debian: libimage-exiftool-perl
As described here:
exiftool -all:all= -r image.jpg
$ exiftool intel-compute-stick-photo.jpg ExifTool Version Number : 13.30 File Name : intel-compute-stick-photo.jpg Directory : . File Size : 113 kB File Modification Date/Time : 2025:09:07 13:01:50+02:00 File Access Date/Time : 2025:09:07 13:03:04+02:00 File Inode Change Date/Time : 2025:09:07 13:02:44+02:00 File Permissions : -rw-r--r-- File Type : JPEG File Type Extension : jpg MIME Type : image/jpeg Image Width : 1278 Image Height : 710 Encoding Process : Progressive DCT, Huffman coding Bits Per Sample : 8 Color Components : 3 Y Cb Cr Sub Sampling : YCbCr4:2:0 (2 2) Image Size : 1278x710 Megapixels : 0.907